American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Preliminary Analysis of the First Successful Soviet Communications Satellite, "A History of Soviet/Russian Meteorological Satellites", Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, "Soyuz 2-1a launches with Russian Meridian 4 military satellite", "Reducing a Common Danger: Improving Russia's Early-Warning System", "History and the Current Status of the Russian Early-Warning System", "Russia blinded by loss of missile detection satellite", "Russian Soyuz-2.1b rocket successfully launches Tundra satellite", "Soyuz rocket successfully delivers EKS-2 early-warning satellite to rare orbit", "Russia sends military satellite into orbit for missile warnings – Spaceflight Now", "Determination of Look Angles To Geostationary Communication Satellites", "On the Use of Satellites in Molniya Orbits of Meteorological Observation of Middle and High Latitudes", 10.1175/1520-0426(1990)007<0517:OTUOSI>2.0.CO;2, "The Orbital Lifetime of Molniya Satellites", Final evaluation of the Australian Space Research Program, "As the details emerge on Australia's new space agency, we (might) finally have lift-off", "On the Use of Satellites in Molniya Orbits for Meteorological Observation of Middle and High Latitudes", "Systems Engineering of a Terabit Elliptic Orbit Satellite and Phased Array Ground Station for IoT Connectivity and Consumer Internet Access", Models for Propagation of NORAD Element Sets, Illustration of the communication geometry provided by satellites in 12-hour Molniya orbits. − A Molniya orbit (Russian: Молния; IPA: [ˈmolnʲɪjə] (), "Lightning") is a type of highly elliptical orbit with an inclination of 63.4 degrees, an argument of perigee of −90 degrees and an orbital period of one half of a sidereal day.Molniya orbits are named after a series of Soviet/Russian Molniya communications satellites which have been using this type of orbit since the mid-1960s.

Much of the area of the former Soviet Union, and Russia in particular, is located at high latitudes.

{\displaystyle J_{2}} For the original Molniya orbit, the apogees were placed over Russia and North America, but by changing the right ascension of the ascending node this can be varied. A satellite in a highly eccentric orbit spends most of its time in the neighborhood of apogee which for a Molniya orbit is over the Northern Hemisphere, the sub-satellite point at apogee having a latitude of 63.4 degrees north. A green line corresponds to service for Asia and Europe with the visibility of figures 3–5.

It will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the WIKI 2 technology. To avoid this expenditure of fuel, the Molniya orbit uses an inclination of 63.4°, for which these perturbations are zero. If we only consider the first-order coefficient Molniya orbits are named after a series of Soviet/Russian Molniya communications satellites which have been using this type of orbit since the mid 1960s.

{\displaystyle J_{2}}

The orbits of the three spacecraft should then have the same orbital parameters, but different right ascensions of the ascending nodes, with their passes over the apogees separated by 7.97 hours.

However, the oblateness of the Earth also perturbs the right ascension of the ascending node ( The same orbits, with slight adjustments, were also used by some Soviet spy satellites, with the apogee point over the continental United States. ), changing the nodal period and causing the ground track to drift over time at the rate shown in equation 2. where [1], The succeeding series, the Molniya-2, provided both military and civilian broadcasting and was used to create the Orbita television network, spanning the Soviet Union. i Figure 5: Illumination zones (at least 10° elevation) from a Molniya orbit.

Solution. The plane of the figure is the longitudinal plane of apogee rotating with the Earth. [10][11][12], From 1971, the American Jumpseat and Trumpet military satellites were launched into Molniya orbits (and possibly used to intercept Soviet communications from the Molniya satellites).

After two launch failures in 1964, the first successful satellite to use this orbit was Molniya 1-01 launched on April 23, 1965. [13] This was followed by the American SDS constellation, which operates with a mixture of Molniya and geostationary orbits. Permanent high-elevation coverage of a large area of Earth (like the whole of Russia, where some parts are as far south as 45° N) requires a constellation of at least three spacecraft in Molniya orbits. Figure 6: View of the Earth four hours before apogee from a Molniya orbit under the assumption that the longitude of the apogee is 90° E. The spacecraft is at an altitude of 24,043 km over the point 92.65° E 47.04° N. Figure 7: View of the Earth from the apogee of a Molniya orbit under the assumption that the longitude of the apogee is 90° E. The spacecraft is at an altitude of 39,867 km over the point 90° E 63.43° N. Figure 8: View of the Earth four hours after apogee from a Molniya orbit under the assumption that the longitude of the apogee is 90° E. The spacecraft is at an altitude of 24,043 km over the point 87.35° E 47.04° N. Figure 9: View of the Earth four hours before apogee from a Molniya orbit under the assumption that the longitude of the apogee is 90° W. The spacecraft is at an altitude of 24,043 km over the point 87.35° W 47.04° N. Figure 10: View of the Earth from the apogee of a Molniya orbit under the assumption that the longitude of the apogee is 90° W. The spacecraft is at an altitude of 39,867 km over the point 90° W 63.43° N. Figure 11: View of the Earth 4 hours after apogee from a Molniya orbit under the assumption that the longitude of the apogee is 90° W. The spacecraft is at an altitude of 24,043 km over the point 92.65° W 47.04° N. A typical Molniya orbit has the following properties: The argument of perigee is set at 270°, causing the satellite to experience apogee at the most northerly point of its orbit.

is the orbital inclination, ), so that it gradually changes with time. In practice, a satellite in a Molniya orbit serves the same purpose for high latitudes as a geostationary satellite does for equatorial regions, except that multiple satellites are required for continuous coverage.[2]. {\displaystyle i} For example if the apogee longitudes are 90° E and 90° W, the apogees will alternately serve Europe and Asia (see figures 3 to 5) and next Northern America (see figures 6 to 8). There is some confusion in the existing sources about the naming, with some sources suggesting that all of the satellites on-orbit are of the Molniya-3 type, but referred to as Molniya-1 through -3 depending on their purpose. As a result, OKB-1 sought a less energy-demanding orbit. Orbit Meccanics: 1) Conic Sections 2) Orbital Elements 3) Types of Orbits 4) Newton’s Laws of Motion and Universal Gravitation 5) Uniform Circular Motion 6) Motions of Planets and Satellites 7) Launch of a Space Vehicle 8) Position in an Elliptical Orbit 9) Orbit Perturbations 10) Orbit Maneuvers The orbital elements discussed at the beginning of this section provide an excellent … Space debris population in the low Earth orbit (LEO) region, which is defined as a region up to 2000 km altitude, has been extensively studied during the last decades and reasonable models like ESA MASTER model (Wiedemann et al., 2011, Flegel et al., 2011) and NASA ORDEM model (Krisko et al., 2015, Xu et al., 2009) which are covering all size ranges were produced. same orbit shape, inclination and argument of perigee – to varying RAAN (Figure 2-2) such that the mean anomalies are as described in Equation 2. [22], Similar orbits with an argument of perigee of 90° could allow high-latitude coverage in the southern hemisphere. [5], The first use of the Molniya orbit was by the communications satellite series of the same name.

A proposed constellation, the Antarctic Broadband Program, would have used satellites in an inverted Molniya orbit to provide broadband internet service to facilities in Antarctica.

2 is in degrees per day. [3] Studies found that this could be achieved using a highly elliptical orbit with an apogee over Russian territory. [23][24] Initially funded by the now defunct Australian Space Research Program, it did not progress beyond initial development.[25][26]. is in degrees per day. Satellites placed in Molniya orbits have been used for television broadcasting, telecommunications, military communications, relaying, weather monitoring, early-warning systems and some classified purposes. Abbreviated as Moly.

1.

In general, the oblateness of the Earth perturbs the argument of perigee, so that even if the apogee started near the north pole, it would gradually move unless constantly corrected with station-keeping thruster burns.

The primary use of the Molniya orbit was for the communications satellite series of the same name. A Molniya orbit (Russian: Молния, IPA: [ˈmolnʲɪjə] (listen), "Lightning") is a type of satellite orbit designed to provide communications and remote sensing coverage over high latitudes. The views of the Earth from these three points are displayed in figures 3–8. These two factors constrain the eccentricity, which becomes approximately 0.737. The angle measured along the equatorial plane between a vector pointing to a fixed reference point in space and the point on the orbit where the orbital motion …

Molniya Orbit. [8], In 2015 and 2017 Russia launched two Tundra satellites into a Molniya orbit, despite their name, as part of its EKS early warning system.

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