the bamboo habitat had less vegetation within 2 m of theground than the riparian or secondary forests.

Leaf litter is plentiful and providesopportunities for water conservation, protection and foraging. Later in the season, the researchers looked for tadpoles, as well as sweeping the shallows with a dipnet to find tadpoles that might not have been visible. Photographs byauthor. Total frog sighting frequency over time (D. granuliferus and D. auratuscombined). Average population densities of D. granuliferus (solid) and D. auratus (open) byhabitat. 33(4):601-607.Aragon, R., and J. M. Morales. Most frogs and toads require a permanent watersource for reproduction, the development of young, and a source of food. 43, Temperature The relative consistency of temperature during the study was expected of the tropicalsetting. 14, Reserve borders the Hacienda Baru National Wildlife Refuge to form a contiguous 390 hasanctuary dedicated to scientific study and eco-tourism with minimal biological impact(Hacienda Baru National Wildlife Refuge, accessed 2006). However, brush didnot tend to obstruct the transect itself and frogs sitting directly on the path were visually and,often, audibly conspicuous. VassarStats was also used to determine whether a correlationexisted between rainfall and frog sighting frequency with a Pearson’s chi-square 2x2contingency table test.

Whilemuch of the vacant land has been sold for the expansion of other farms, a substantial amounthas been abandoned, providing an opportunity for regrowth, recolonization and thereestablishment of natural ecosystems. This table and chart was last updated on August 8, 2012, based on data downloaded from the IUCN Red List site.

Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 72:585-607.Brooks, T. M., R. A. Mittermeier, C. G. Mittermeier, G. A. They also used a laser rangefinder (and later on, satellite imagery) to determine the size of the wetland (its dimensions), and they recorded water temperature, depth, and conductivity.

Dendrobatids specialize in eating ants but also consume a large quantityof mites, insects that are also characteristic of the diets of other tropical amphibians such asAtelopus, Bufo and Bolitoglossus (Toft, 1981; Anderson and Mathis, 1999). (iii) Sightings are independent events. In contrast, temperatures recorded in the deforested meadowremained higher than in the study habitats, peaking at 6.6˚C higher than in the other habitats.The temperature loggers indicated that the temperature in the three study habitats rangedfrom 22.5˚C to 28˚C while the temperature in the deforested meadow ranged from 23.5˚C to34.0˚C.

Biol.

16, Observations were systematically made within each habitat by following the pre-established trails of the reserve as transects for observation. This study focuses on Dendrobatid presence in three types of habitat on the FirestoneReserve: selectively-logged riparian forest (from hereon referred to as “riparian”), abandonedpasture (“secondary”) and bamboo plantation (“bamboo”; see Figure 5). 0.16Frog sighting frequency (frogs/m) 0.14 0.12 0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 7:00 TimeFigure 14. The coloration serves as a signal to predators, warning them of the toxic 18, alkaloids that can be released from the frogs’ skin glands as a mechanism of defense(Saporito et al., 2004). 23, Figure 7. (ii) Animals on the transect line are observed with a probability of one. Inother words,area of habitat within 50m of water : tran sec t length in habitat within 50m of watertotal area of habitat total length of tran sec t in habitatRiparian habitat yielded a habitat : transect water ratio of 1.00, secondary habitat yielded aratio of 0.70 and bamboo habitat yielded a ratio of 0.88 (Table 2). Vertical lines indicate one standard deviation.

Assumption i challenges the instinctive nature of wild animals to cluster nearbeneficial resources and when mating. At each of the 174 wetlands surveyed, Dr. Newman and his assistant recorded the wetland location using a GPS receiver (satellite-based global positioning system). Based on Dr. Newman’s research in Denali so far, wood frogs were breeding (activity was detected) at less than half of the wetlands (82 wetlands or 47% of wetlands surveyed). The effects of rainfall, humidity, temperature and time have beenaccounted for and their influences will be discussed.Population Densities and Distributions Statistical results indicated that the population densities of both D. granuliferus andD. Database FAQ; Metadata; Data Disclaimer; ... (snout-vent length) of 32-64 mm (1.25-2.5 in) (Conant and Collins, 1998). Photos courtesy ofwww.livingunderworld.org and www.webshots.com 10, Figure 4. Only two locations throughout the study site indicated the dominating presence ofone species without the other (Figure 11). For a species profile, click on its scientific name.

Perhaps there were substantial differences between vegetation coverage to 44, cause moisture and plant species composition differences, but not enough to causedifferences in temperature.Time of Day Differences in sighting frequency over the day echo the conclusions of other studieson poison dart frog activity. A large increase in the sightingfrequency was observed in the early morning (7:00 to 8:00), followed by relatively constantrates in the later morning and early afternoon (8:00 to 12:00 and 13:00 to 14:00; no data wascollected from 12:00 to 13:00). ), including Dendrobates granuliferus, the granular poisondart frog, and D. auratus, the green and black poison dart frog.

(3) The time of the sighting.Occasionally, when a frog was observed well beyond the first possible point of contact, theobserver back-tracked her steps until she reached the location where the frog first came intoview. The breeding intensity, that is the number of female wood frogs (or the number of egg masses) detected in each wetland, was highly variable (see graph at upper right).

If the difference in frog densities increases between thesetwo habitats with a greater sample size, then bamboo should be further explored as asustainable crop in Costa Rica. Assumption vii also corresponds to the ideal transect for the Hayne Estimator: aperfectly straight line on which animals are not counted more than once due to overlap inobservation area. The disparity between conclusions may becaused by the limitations of study conditions.

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